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Signifikansi adanya AEC bagi Kawasan Asia Tenggara dan Indonesia pada khususnya


Perkembangan situasi global telah menuju kearah yang stabil dan kondusif terutama terhadap berbagai bentuk kerjasama antar negara-negara. Perkembangan diluar dan didalam kawasan Asia Tenggara juga mendorong negara-negara yang tergabung dalam ASEAN berupaya memanfaatkan momentun tersebut untuk lebih banyak mengembangkan diri dan juga kawasan secara umum.

Kerjasama bidang ekonomi pun terus digalang oleh negara-negara anggota ASEAN dan juga turut menyosialisasikan rencana ASEAN Economic Community di masing-masing negara tersebut. ASEAN Economic Community sendiri memiliki potensi yang besar bagi perkembangan negara-negara anggota dan juga kawasan dalam bidang ekonomi. Asean Economic Community berusaha untuk membentuk suatu integrasi ekonomi berupa pasar tunggal berbasis produksi (single market dan production-based) diantara negara-negara ASEAN dengan menghapuskan berbagai hambatan dalam perdagangan sehingga kemudian mampu untuk bersaing satu sama lain. Selain itu, ASEAN Economic Community dapat mendorong meningkatnya kualitas mekanisme perdagangan di ASEAN serta mampu untuk memperlancar arus barang, sumberdaya manusia dan juga memberikan kebebasan bagi para pelaku bisnis untuk memperluas usahanya hingga melintas batas negara.

ASEAN Ecocomic Community dalam upayanya untuk meningkatkan kerjasama ekonomi negara-negara ASEAN berlandaskan pada 5 pilar utama seperti kebebasan arus barang, kebebasan arus modal, kebebasan arus jasa, kebebasan investasi, kebebasan arus SDM. Berlandaskan pada pilar-pilar tersebut maka diupayakan agar tujuan single market dapat tercapai melalui penghapusan berbagai hambatan baik tarif maupun non-tarif dan sepenuhnya bebas. Selain itu, juga menekankan akan National Single Window yang memungkinkan efektifitas dalam perdagangan dengan basis informasi yang jelas pada masing-masing negara serta ditambah lagi dengan adanya standarisasi dan regulasi perdagangan sehingga menjadi lebih kompetitif.

Para investor pun akan lebih mudah dalam berinvestasi di kawasan ASEAN dimana akan terdapat proteksi bagi para investor dan investasi mereka melalui kesepakatan-kesepakatan yang komprehensif dan juga dibentuk suatu regulasi terkait dengan sektor investasi sehingga dapat lebih transparan.

Kebebasan dalam berinvestasi dan jaminan yang baik terhadapnya maka diharapkan akan meningkatkan posisi tawar ASEAN sebagai kawasan yang kondusif bagi investasi berkelanjutan. Investasi merupakan salah satu elemen penting bagi perkembangan ekonomi di kawasan Asia Tenggara yang anggota-anggotanya masih berstatus negara berkembang. Arus modal pun dijamin kebebasannya dengan ketentuan yang dapat menguntungkan negara-negara ASEAN. AEC juga memberikan fasilitas penyaluran SDM yang memadai diikuti dengan standarisasi SDM yang berkualitas. Sehingga kemudian berbasis pada pilar-pilar tersebut maka langkah-langkah AEC akan lebih jelas dan terarah dan berdampak pada peningkatan sektor ekonomi kawasan yang signifikan dan dapat bersaing dengan kawasan lainnya.

Indonesia sebagai salah satu pilar ASEAN tentunya juga tidak ingin kehilangan momentum terbentuknya AEC ini sebagai bentuk partisipasi aktifnya dalam perkonomian regional dan dunia. Dalam pernyataannya Menteri Perdagangan Indonesia Marie Eka Pangestu menyatakan bahwa Indonesia siap untuk melaksanakan AEC di tahun 2015 . Di dalam Regional Asia Tenggara, Indonesia dipercaya bersama lima negara lain untuk sama-sama menargetkan negaranya siap melaksanakan AEC, sedangkan 4 negara lain yang tergabung dalam AEC baru bisa menargetkan negaranya mengimplementasikan single market AEC baru pada tahun 2020. Hal tersebut diimplementasikan dengan disepakatinya blueprint ASEAN Economic Community di tahun 2015. Blue print tersebut merupakan wujud kesiapan dan langkah awal Indonesia dalam menyepakati terwujudnya single market ASEAN. Dalam cetak biru tersebut, disepakati 12 sektor yang menjadi prioritas yaitu sektor industri, penerbangan, peralatan kesehatan, produk kayu, garmen, dan pariwisata .

Setelah menyepakati cetak biru tersebut, pemerintah Indonesia pada tahun 2008 bersama negara ASEAN lain membentuk ASEAN single window yang harus diaplikasikan kepada semua negara ASEAN. Dengan penggunaan single window diharapkan agar proses keluar masuk atau Export-Import barang akan lebih cepat dan menghemat proses birokrasi. Dan baru-baru ini pada tahun 2010, Indonesia dan negara-negara ASEAN lain menyepakati untuk mengurangi secara drastis atas hambatan transportasi terutama transportasi udara, sistem kesehatan, dan sektor turisme.

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Conflicts of ethnic Albanians - Serbia has a long history of conflict. Initially ethnic Albanians claim that they are descendants of those ancient Illyrians, who had occupied the Balkans convinced some time ago, before the ancient Greeks or even 1000 years before the people occupying the Balkan Slavic. On the other hand, the Serbs insisted that in medieval times there are only some of the Albanians who live in their midst.

Ethnic Albanians are mostly civil to each other and they began to settle in Kosovo during the period of the Turkish Nation. And at the same time in 1689 the Serbian nation started living in the region. Ottoman emperors lost power in the area after the first Balkan war in 1912 and world powers such as Greece and Bulgaria intervene to save the Albanians that they might be solved from the middle of the Tribe of Serbia. This happens before the Serb claim to Kosovo. Serbian military killed and forced ethnic Albanians out of Kosovo.

When it failed to become an independent state of Kosovo within Serbia in 1989, ethnic Albanians who live there do not get service and decent work. As a result the people of Kosovo Albanians that 90% of the population of Kosovo had to make for their own ethnic communities by providing services that are very basic such as hospitals and schools. Between 1989 and 1998 an estimated 350,000 Kosovo Albanians moved into Western Europe. Increased crime and conflict in 1998 forced the Albanians of Kosovo fled leaving Kosovo, creating a large number of displaced persons in Kosovo.

Does that mean that the nightmare as predicted by Prof. Samuel P Huntington about the clash of civilizations into reality? In his article in Foreign Affairs (1993) entitled The Clash of Civilizations (recorded with the same title) Huntington argues, is no longer a future war between the states war or national war between the forces of capital, but the war across cultures, between civilizations. Understandably, with globalization, national borders and limit the power of capital will run away with itself. That there is cultural boundaries. Differences civilization is what will be the battlefield for the wars in the future (the present).Even Huntington argued, clashes of civilizations are the greatest threat to world peace. This is evidenced by the actions undertaken NATO air attacks against Yugoslavia in 1999.Strength of the Yugoslav army and Serb ethnic tribe began campaigning to clean Kosovo Albanians. Thousands of people were killed and some 800,000 fled out of Kosovo. In June 1999, the Serbian army withdrew from Kosovo and the UN mission began the process of returning the refugees of Kosovo. Within three weeks, 500,000 refugees have returned, but the return has resulted in a society without a central government, population administration, police force and justice system. Tens of thousands of homes and possessions have been destroyed during the destruction that accompanied the installation of land mines.

Ethnic Albanians in Kosovo province is actually demanding greater autonomy to full republic status and sovereignty of its own. Kosovo was much less autonomous province since Serbia led by Slobodan Milosevic. Ethnic unrest peaked when passing amendments to the constitution of the republic of Serbia, which states that the autonomy of Kosovo under the supervision of the government of the republic of Serbia (March 1989). However, before the change (based on the constitution in 1974), Serbia has no authority to provincial autonomy. Riots caused the deaths of 100 people died from the ethnic Albanians (including two cops) and more than 254 Albanian militants arrested in February 1990 after a riot.

After that, in Kosovo remains of movement that wanted self-government gradually eliminate successful between the years 1989-1990, when Milosevic was pressing the Council of Kosovo and imprisoning their representatives. The occupation of Serbia was on the mark with a displacement of ethnic Albanians from the positions they occupied before. Although the population of ethnic Serbs in Kosovo just less than 10%, but Milosevic insisted that the language of Serbo-Croatian is the official language in Kosovo. For that Serbian authorities dissolved all the high schools that use the Albanian language and lay off no less than 6,000 ethnic Albanian teachers. Given the ethnic Albanian desire for independence and make the Republic of Kosovo as a sovereign state separate from Serbia, then the cause of action Slobodan Milosevic's aggressive crack down on militants and expel ethnic Albanians from Kosovo, Milosevic jarring KLA (Kosovo Liberation Army) to combat the separatist group seeking independence Kosovo. Meanwhile, Kosovo Serbs have historically been found in the region and is part of Serbia, and for them the UCK (Kosovo separatist group) is a terrorist group that must be destroyed. The brutality resulted in many civilian casualties from Albania. According to the report, the Yugoslav and Serbian paramilitary forces had massacred thousands of Albanian civilians in Kosovo, they also burned the village and town and driving out its inhabitants. This is a form of human rights violations are committed by Serbs of ethnic Albanians separately exterminate (genocide) who intend to secede and form a sovereign government.